Table 4 Encapsulated phytohormones used in treatments to improve stress resistance and tissue development in plants

Salicylic acid

• In-situ polymerization

• Alginate

• Helianthus annuus L. (Sunflower)

• Tolerance of the tissue to the cold storage

[215]

• Spray drying

• Amorphous silica and chitosan

• Arabidopsis thaliana

• Reduces deleterious effect of SA on treated plants

[18]

• Ionic gelation

• Chitosan

• Zea mays (maize)

• Control of Fusarium verticillioides diseases and act as biostimulant

[213]

• In-situ polymerization

• Alginate

• Oryza sativa (rice)

• Control of Sclerotium rolfsii disease

[214]

• Ionic gelation

• Chitosan

• Vitis vinifera (grape)

• Protection against salinity stress

[216]

Jasmonates

• Solvent evaporation

• Gliadin-Casein

• Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (cherry tomato)

• Used as coating to enhance cold time storage

[218]

• Coacervation

• Alginate and chitosan

• Solanum tuberosum (potato)

• Tuber postharvest treatment for preserving

[221]

• Co-extrusion

• PLGA

• Vitis vinifera (grape)

• Pest management

[222]

Abscisic acid

• Sol–Gel encapsulation

• Amorphous silica

• Arabidopsis thaliana

• Provides resistance against drought stress

[217]

• In-situ polymerization

• Lignin

• Oryza sativa (rice) and Arabidopsis thaliana

• Increases drought resistance

[223]

Auxins

• Ionic gelation

• Chitosan

• Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)

• Increase germination and seedling growth rate. Acts as biostimulant

[220]

• Co-extrusion

• Alginate and chitosan

• Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)

• Increase morphological characteristics

[224]

• Ionic gelation

• Chitosan

• Malus domestica (apple)

• Promote adventitious rooting

[225]

Gibberellins

• Ionic gelation

• Chitosan

• Phaseolus vulgaris (bean)

• Promote germination of seeds and enhances plant fertility

[219]

• Ionic gelation

• γ-PGA polymer

• Phaseolus vulgaris (bean)

• Increase germination rate, and leaf and root development

[226]

• Interfacial polymerization

• Chitosan and alginate

• Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)

• Promote plant development and enhance fruit productivity

[227]

Cytokinins

• Liposome entrapment

• Liposomes

• Cocos nucifera L. var Makapuno (Coconut)

• Enhance bioactivity formation of callus in vitro

[228]