Fig. 3

Results of the multi-objective optimization that aimed to maximize diversity, relationship to the test set, and average heritability in the yield trait when the test set was year 6. The solutions obtained from the optimization algorithm form a three-dimensional Pareto front. For ease of result visualization, the findings are presented in three two-dimensional plots, showcasing pairwise combinations of the variables maximized during the optimization: A Diversity against heritability. B Diversity against relationship to the test set. C Relationship to the test set against heritability. In these plots, each letter represents a year combination from the Pareto front, and the composition of each combination is shown in plot (D). Gray squares indicate the years included in the training set, while a darker-colored square highlights the year combination corresponding to the best solution (e)