Fig. 1

Determination of the efficient transient transformation solution. Relative transcript abundances of Gus from different transformation solutions supplemented various concentrations of sucrose (A), Tween-20 (B), calcium chloride (C), dithiothreitol (D), acetosyringone (E), and 5’-azacytidine (F). Effect of A. tumefaciens cell content on transcript abundance of Gus gene (G). The expression of Gus in the control plant (transient transformed with EHA105 using the old method) was used as a calibrator to normalize the expression of Gus at different concentrations of chemicals. MsEF1α was used as the internal reference. Three replicates (sample size of 10 leaves) were performed. The error bar indicates standard deviations of the mean measurements. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test were performed, and different letters represent significant differences among treatments (P < 0.05). GUS staining for leaves of M. sieversii (H). Transiently transformation with EHA105 harboring p1301-Gus was performed with old and optimized new transformation solution