Fig. 1

Effects of NEM, BDM, and DDG on the sprouting of Siberia bulblets and L. lancifolium bulbils. a Phenotypes of Siberia bulblets treated with NEM, BDM, and DDG for 6 weeks. Scale bars, 1 cm. The right panels are enlarged images showing the sprouted leaves of bulblets with BDM (upper) and DDG (lower) treatments. b Phenotypes of bulbils of L. lancifolium with NEM, BDM, and DDG treatments 20 weeks after planting on soils. Scale bars, 1 cm. c The germination rate of bulblets after 6 weeks of cultivation on MS medium with NEM, BDM, or DDG treatment. MS medium served as the control. A bulblet with over 1 cm of leaf was counted as a sprouted bulblet. The data represent mean ± s.d. of 3 biological replicates (n = 10 bulblets per sample). d Bud length of bulbils 20 weeks after planting. Bulbils were treated with NEM, BDM, or DDG before potting on soil. The data represent mean ± s.d. of 20 independent bulbils. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by ANOVA Turkey’s HSD tests for pairwise comparisons