Tracking deuterium uptake in hydroponically grown maize roots using correlative helium ion microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy

Table 1 Analytical methods for the detection of deuterium label in plant tissues provided by D₂O

Method	Type		Purpose		Resolution	Destructive		Reference
Method	Bulk	Imaging	Water flow	Metabolic activity	Resolution	Yes	No	Reference
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)	+			+	Depend on extraction technique & volume¹	+		[6]
Time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (Tof-SIMS), cryo-system		+	+		1.8 μm	+		[8]
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)	+			+	Depend on extraction technique & volume¹	+		[12]
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based
NMR	+			+	-		+	[10]
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)		+	+		Voxel: 70702000 µm³-43433000 µm³ Planar:156*156 µm²		+	[13]
Neutron-based
Neutron radiography	+	+	+		Temporal: 1 frame every 20 s		+	[14]
Neutron radiography	+	+	+		~ 100 μm/pixel		+	[15]
Fast neutron tomography	+	+	+		-Time resolution/ tomogram: 1–2 min -Physical spatial resolution:~ 220 μm		+	[16]
Spectroscopy-based
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR)-attenuated total reflectance (ATR)	+			+	4 cm^− 1	+		[10]
Micro-Raman spectroscopy	+	+	+		-Spatial: 2 μm step size -Temporal: 300 ms/point -Spectral: ~3 cm^− 1		+	[17]

¹ The spatial resolution depends on the limit of detection and the volume of sample needed for extraction of analytes.

ISSN: 1746-4811