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Table 5 Coefficient of determination (\(R^2\)) of the multivariable linear model of soybeans between the top-five most relevant VIs and SPAD under different illumination conditions

From: The impact of variable illumination on vegetation indices and evaluation of illumination correction methods on chlorophyll content estimation using UAV imagery

Illumination

Sunny

Overcast

Variable

Scaling

0.68

0.33

0.30

Normalization

0.53

0.74

0.12

ELM

0.60

0.56

–

Retinex

0.65

0.31

0.61