Fig. 12

Relative canopy height residuals between 3D sensing-derived canopy height (CH) and FM. Suspicious results existed in a FM, b TLS-derived CH, c BLS-derived CH, d GLS-derived CH, and e DAP-derived CH according to Eq. 12–16. The x-axis represents the ID of field plots, and the y-axis represents the value of relative residuals. The green triangle, blue rhombus, orange circle, light blue square, and orange-red point represent the relative residuals of ∆(TLS, FM), ∆(BLS, FM), ∆(GLS, FM), ∆(DAP, FM), and ∆(FM, FM) in each subplot. Among them, the ∆(FM, FM) value is zero, which looks like a horizontal reference line in red