Fig. 4

Seed coat cell size measurement of mature seeds via the TF method. a A raw cell image was randomly cropped. Bar = 30 μm. b The cropped cell image was input into Trainable Weka Segmentation, and a classifier was trained to segment the cell cavities and cell walls. c A probability map was acquired. d The two channels were split, and the cell cavity channel was further processed. e A threshold was set automatically. f The cells were counted by analyzing particles. g ROIs were added to the original image. The arrows indicate missing cells. h The ROIs were manually calibrated. The arrows indicate missing cells labeled manually. i The cell counts before and after calibration were saved, and the cell size was calculated. Image a is provided in Additional file 6