Table 8 Vegetation indices for plant yield

Atmospheric Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) [71, 72]

\(\frac{R_{NIR} - R_{RedBlue}}{R_{NIR} + R_{RedBlue}}\)

Disease, Weed Mapping

500-900/Satellite (MODIS)

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) [73]

\(\frac{R_{NIR} - R_{red}}{R_{NIR} + R_{red}}\)

Biomass, Crop Yield

630-900/ Satellite, UAV

Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI)

\(\frac{R_{NIR}}{R_{red}}\)

Crop Yield, Biomass

630-900/N.A.

Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) [72]

\(\frac{2.5(R_{NIR} - R_{Red})}{R_{NIR} = 6R_{Red} - 7.5R_{Blue} + 1 }\)

Disease, Biomass

500-900/Ground-based, UAV

Re-normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RDVI) [74]

\(\frac{R_{NIR} - R_{red}}{\sqrt{R_{NIR} + R_{red}}}\)

Crop Yield, Nitrogen Uptake, Soil Moisture, Biomass

630-900/Ground-based

Atmospherically Effect Resistant Vegetation Index (IAVI) [71]

\(\frac{R_{NIR} - (R_{red} - \lambda (R_{blue} - R_{red}))}{R_{NIR} + (R_{red} - \lambda (R_{blue} - R_{red}))}\)

Crop Yield

500-900/Satellite (MODIS)

Green NDVI (GNDVI)

\(\frac{R_{NIR} - R_{green}}{R_{NIR} + R_{green}}\)

Water Stress, Crop Yield, Biomass, Disease

520-900/ N.A.

Normalized Difference Red Edge (NDRE)

\(\frac{R_{NIR} - R_{rededge}}{R_{NIR} + R_{rededge}}\)

Crop Yield, Nitrogen Uptake, disease

700-900/N.A.

Red Edge Difference Vegetation Index (REDVI)

\(R_{NIR} - R_{RedEdge}\)

Crop Yield, Biomass, Nitrogen Management

700-900/Ground-based (Sprayer)

Red Edge Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (RENDVI) [75]

\(\frac{R_{750} - R_{705}}{R_{750} + R_{705}}\)

Crop Yield, Irrigation Management, Disease and Nitrogen Management

705-750/Satellite (Sentinel-2)

Wide Dynamic Range VegetationIndex (WDRVI) [76]

\(\frac{aR_{NIR} - R_{red}}{aR_{NIR} + R_{red}}\)

Nitrogen Application, Crop Yield

630-900/Satellite (AVHRR)

Plant Senescence Reflectance Index (PSRI) [77]

\(\frac{R_{680} - R_{550}}{R_{750}}\)

Crop Yield, Disease, Biomass

550-750/Satellite (MODIS)

Triangular Vegetation Index (TVI) [78]

\(0.5\times (120\times (R_{750} - R_{550}) -\)

Disease

550–750/Mount-based,

\(200\times (R_{670} - R_{550}))\)

UAV

Red Edge Inflection Point (REIP) [79]

\(700 + 40\times \frac{\frac{R_{667} + R_{782}}{2} - R_{702}}{R_{738} - R_{702}}\)

Yield and Biomass

667-782/Satellite (MODIS)