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Table 3 Cross-validation and parameters of the linear models developed for estimation of mean grain weight (MGW; mg) using image-derived indices

From: Wheat grain width: a clue for re-exploring visual indicators of grain weight

Indices

Original resolution (pixel)

Enhanced resolution (pixel)

SI (mm/ or mm2)

Cross-validation

RES-based RMSE improvement (%)

 

Slope

Slope

Slope

Slope

Slope

Intercept

R2

RMSE

Slope

Intercept

R2

RMSE

Overall RMSE

Micro average RMSE

 

Area

0.6876076

–14.13069

0.7639

1.39916

0.007242

–11.96377

0.8197

1.22279

3.4546529

–10.50562

0.8197

1.22279

1.218 ± 0.165

1.228 ± 0.000

12.61

Minor

11.473872

–40.04071

0.7726

1.37308

1.206266

–38.92239

0.8478

1.12329

26.223532

–37.43548

0.8501

1.11472

1.117 ± 0.121

1.123 ± 0.000

18.19

MinFeret

11.479164

–47.28420

0.7802

1.34983

1.185451

–39.77784

0.8389

1.15583

25.751014

–38.21530

0.8409

1.14849

1.150 ± 0.134

1.157 ± 0.000

14.37

Area/perim

43.088447

–56.75704

0.7957

1.30144

4.580449

–53.57889

0.8763

1.01287

98.930057

–51.22634

0.8759

1.01427

1.011 ± 0.143

1.020 ± 0.000

22.17

Area × Circ

0.7810103

–9.19948

0.7958

1.30124

0.009157

–7.648741

0.8786

1.00327

4.3865946

–6.502854

0.8784

1.00403

1.001 ± 0.135

1.009 ± 0.000

22.90

Minor/Solidity

11.300208

–47.78814

0.7856

1.33331

1.189310

–40.20437

0.8371

1.16220

25.845173

–38.66377

0.8396

1.15317

1.157 ± 0.126

1.163 ± 0.000

12.83

MinF/Solidity

11.243958

–55.24627

0.7836

1.33950

1.166277

–40.90504

0.8259

1.20137

25.326662

–39.29586

0.8282

1.19332

1.196 ± 0.139

1.203 ± 0.000

10.31

Area × Solidity

0.7367298

–12.03813

0.7702

1.38042

0.007417

–11.62672

0.8298

1.18779

3.5390870

–10.18897

0.8295

1.18879

1.183 ± 0.158

1.193 ± 0.000

13.95

Perim. × Circ

3.3790373

–54.79264

0.7925

1.31155

0.359924

–51.66935

0.8765

1.01190

7.7804528

–49.44107

0.8764

1.01215

1.011 ± 0.121

1.017 ± 0.000

22.85

A1 (Area × Perim. × Circ. × Solidity × MinF)

0.0017579

13.56291

0.7996

1.28896

2.1504E-07

14.393318

0.8691

1.04158

0.0505571

15.011033

0.8685

1.04405

1.038 ± 0.149

1.047 ± 0.000

19.19

A2 (Area × Perim. × Circ. × Solidity × Minor)

0.0018807

14.06366

0.8003

1.28685

2.2128E-07

14.390431

0.8748

1.01874

0.0520301

15.005713

0.8742

1.02147

1.016 ± 0.143

1.025 ± 0.000

20.83

Kim index

0.1306980

–1.60504

0.7644

1.39762

0.000325

0.0399900

0.8200

1.22159

1.1264207

1.1437907

0.8200

1.22156

1.216 ± 0.164

1.226 ± 0.000

12.59

  1. MinF, Perim., and Circ. are minimum Feret diameter, perimeter, and circularity, respectively.
  2. Original resolution, enhanced resolution, and also SI are the various scales of the image dimension based on which the analyses have been carried out.
  3. The output slopes and intercepts of cross-validation were exactly the same as the SI parameters (noteworthy, the cross-validation was conducted using all of the 180 observations).
  4. The last column (Resolution-based RMSE improvement), indicates the percentage of reductions in RMSE of grain weight prediction due to the resolution enhancement
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Plant Methods

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