Fig. 4

Expression of nopP in hairy roots results in an increased transformation efficiency. L. japonicus seedlings were transformed with A. rhizogenes LBA9402 bacteria carrying pISV-DsRed1 containing nopL, nopM, nopP and nopT, respectively. Plants transformed with pISV-DsRed1 (without effector gene) served as a control (C). Hairy roots were analyzed for red fluorescence emission at the time of harvest. Histograms indicate means ± SE. Different letters above columns indicate statistically significant differences (Duncan’s Multiple Range test, P < 0.05). a Transformation efficiency as determined by the percentage of red fluorescent roots per plant (28 dpi). Each binary vector was examined on 40 plants. Data were obtained from plants showing at least one red fluorescent root (n = 21 for the control (C); n = 18 for nopL; n = 15 for nopM; n = 22 for nopP; n = 16 for nopT). b Transformation efficiency of control plants (C) and nopP expressing plants as determined by the gridline intersection method (45 dpi). Plants showing red fluorescence in at least one hairy root were analyzed (n = 8 for both test groups)