Fig. 5

Examination of the mitochondrial membrane potential. a Examination of the mitochondrial membrane potential in protoplasts. JC-1 monomers exhibit a green signal, which indicates inactive mitochondria. JC-1 aggregates exhibit a red signal, which indicates viable mitochondria. Bars, 10 μΜ. b Examination of the mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated mitochondria. JC-1 monomers were detected by the wavelengths 514 nm/529 nm, and JC-1 aggregates were detected by the wavelengths 525 nm/590 nm. Error bars indicate the SDs of the means (n = 3). Significant differences were determined with the student’s t-test (***p < 0.005)