Table 4 The applications of thermal imaging in the study of fruit tree phenotypes
From: Phenotypic techniques and applications in fruit trees: a review
Applications | Species | Scale | Spectral range | Devices | Detected parameters | Evaluation parameters | Advantages | Limitations | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indices | Performance evaluation | |||||||||
Water stress | Citrus orchard | T | 7.5–13 µm | IR thermal camera | Ψs | Tc − Ta | R2 = 0.42–0.76 | Suitable for canopy temperature detection at the orchard level, reducing the deployment of a large number of temperature sensors | High cost; vulnerable to shadow, uneven lighting and other environmental effects | [108] |
Pear orchard | T | 8–12 µm | FLIR 400 | gs | Tc | [107] | ||||
Vineyard | O | 7.5–13 µm | FLIR Tau II 320 | Pn | CWSI | R = − 0.80 | [113] | |||
O | 7.5–13 µm | FLIR Tau II 320 | Ψs | CWSI | R2 = 0.6931 | [114] | ||||
gs | R2 = 0.7061 | |||||||||
Olive orchard | O | 7.5–13.5 µm | Tau 2 324 | Ψs | CWSI | R2 = 0.60–0.73 | [115] | |||
gs | R2 = 0.91 | |||||||||
T | 7.5–13 µm | ThermaCAM SC2000 | Water status | CWSI | [110] | |||||
T | 8–14 µm | Flir One | Ψleaf | Tc | R2 = 0.81 | [119] | ||||
CWSI | R2 = 0.73 | |||||||||
Almond orchard | O | 8–12 µm | Miricle 307 | Ψs | CWSI | R2 = 0.67 | [111] | |||
Tc − Ta | R2 = 0.65 | |||||||||
Peach orchard | O | 8–12 µm | Miricle 307 | Ψs | CWSI | R2 = 0.92 | [111] | |||
Tc − Ta | R2 = 0.65 | |||||||||
Apricot orchard | O | 8–12 µm | Miricle 307 | Ψs | CWSI | R2 = 0.64 | [111] | |||
Tc − Ta | R2 = 0.65 | |||||||||
Disease detection | Apple orchard | T | 8–12 µm | Varioscan 3201 ST | Infected area of Scab disease | MTD | R2 = 0.85 | [121] | ||
Severity levels | R2 = 0.71 | |||||||||
Olive orchard | O | 8–12 µm | Miricle 307 | Severity levels of VW | Tc -Ta | R2 = 0.76 | [91] | |||
CWSI | R2 = 0.83 | |||||||||
O | 7.5–13 µm | FLIR SC655 | Severity levels of VW | Tc − Ta | [92] | |||||
Almond orchard | O | 7.5–13 µm | FLIR SC655 | Severity levels of Red leaf blotch | Tc − Ta | [93] | ||||