Fig. 5

Thermal, hyperspectral and terrestrial laser scanning data panoramas: a thermal panorama at the − 20° elevation angle; b RGB true colour panorama from the hyperspectral imager; c range-to-target image panorama from a Riegl VZ-400 terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), calculated as the distance to the first return for each grid cell (1° × 1° aggregation); d Gap fraction ‘Pgap’ or transmissivity image from the TLS, calculated as the fraction of LiDAR first returns beyond 5 m divided by all first returns for each grid cell (1° x 1°). The TLS was acquired from the perspective of the monitoring system May 18th, 2016. The thermal and hyperspectral imagery was from Jan 8th, 2016 at 12:14 (UTC + 10). Sun position at time of acquisition: 0° azimuth, 77° elevation