Fig. 2
From: Isolation and manipulation of protoplasts from the unicellular green alga Penium margaritaceum
Differential interference contrast (DIC) images of the stages of protoplast formation. a Typical morphology of a cell. Arrow points to the isthmus zone. b Plasmolysis of the cell after 20 min incubation in protoplast buffer (PB). Note the protoplast separation from the cell wall (arrows). c After 30 min in protoplast enzyme buffer (PES), a protoplast starts to emerge from a weakened zone in the wall at the isthmus zone (arrow). d The protoplast continues to release from the cell wall, which is now completely open (arrow). e After 2 h, a protoplast is nearly released from the cell wall. f Protoplast. g Solution with protoplasts and cell wall debris. Scale bars: a–e = 15 µm; f = 25 µm; g = 50 µm