Table 2 Evaluation of Ffirst on available leaf datasets: Austrian Federal Forests, Flavia, Foliage, Swedish, Middle European Woods and Leafsnap
AFF | Flavia \(10\times 40\) | Flavia \(\frac{1}{2}\times \frac{1}{2}\) | Foliage | Swedish | MEW | Leafsnap | Leafsnap top 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Num. of classes | 5 | 32 | 32 | 60 | 15 | 153 | 185 | 185 |
\(\hbox {Ffirst}_\text {a}^{\forall +}\) (1) | \(97.1\pm 1.5\) | \(99.4\pm 0.3\) | \(99.2\pm 0.2\) | 99.2 | \(99.7\pm 0.3\) | \(98.8\pm 0.2\) | \(81.2\pm 1.8\) | \(95.9\pm 1.5\) |
\(\hbox {Ffirst}_\text {i}^{\forall +}\) (2) | \(97.3\pm 1.6\) | \(99.3\pm 0.3\) | \(98.9\pm 0.3\) | 98.1 | \(99.7\pm 0.3\) | \(98.4\pm 0.2\) | \(73.1\pm 2.3\) | \(92.4\pm 1.7\) |
\(\hbox {Ffirst}_\text {b}^{\forall +}\) (3) | \(99.5\pm 0.6\) | \(99.3\pm 0.4\) | \(99.0\pm 0.2\) | 98.3 | \(99.4\pm 0.5\) | \(97.9\pm 0.2\) | \(77.2\pm 1.9\) | \(94.8\pm 1.5\) |
\(\hbox {Ffirst}_{ib\sum }^{\forall +}\) (4) | \(100.0\pm 0.0\) | \(99.7\pm 0.3\) | \(99.6\pm 0.1\) | 99.3 | \(99.8\pm 0.2\) | \(99.3\pm 0.1\) | \(81.8\pm 1.2\) | \(96.5\pm 1.1\) |
\(Ffirst _{ib\prod }^{\forall +}\) (5) | \(100.0 \pm 0.0\) | \(99.8 \pm 0.3\) | 99.7 ± 0.1 | 99.3 | \(99.8 \pm 0.3\) | \(99.5 \pm 0.1\) | \(83.7 \pm 1.1\) | \(97.3 \pm 1.1\) |
Inception-ResNet-v2 +maxout | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | 99.9+ | \(-\) | \(-\) |
Kumar et al. [12] | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(\approx\) 73 | 96.8 |
Fiel, Sablatnig [11] | 93.6 | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) |
Novotný, Suk [22] | \(-\) | \(-\) | 91.5 | \(-\) | \(-\) | 84.9 | \(-\) | \(-\) |
Karuna et al. [23] | \(-\) | \(-\) | 96.5 | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) |
Kadir et al. [18] | \(-\) | 95.0 | \(-\) | 95.8 | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) |
Lee et al. [21] | \(-\) | 97.2 | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) |
Qi et al. [27] | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | 99.4 | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(-\) |