Frontiers of torenia research: innovative ornamental traits and study of ecological interaction networks through genetic engineering

Table 1 Summary of flower color modification of torenia plants by genetic engineering

Target material	Gene and method	Gene origin	Flower phenotype	Reference
Torenia fournieri
cv. Crown violet	Sense CHS or DFR, antisense CHS or DFR	Torenia	White to pale blue	[8, 35, 36]
cv. Crown reddish-purple	Sense CHS or DFR, antisense CHS or DFR	Torenia	Wavy-patterned	[8, 35, 36]
cv. Common violet	Sense CHS or DFR, antisense CHS or DFR	Torenia	Wavy-patterned	[8, 35, 36]
cv. Crown violet	GPT-RNAi	Torenia	Lighter colored	[39]
cv. Crown violet	DEF-SRDX	Torenia	Partially decolorized	[50]
cv. Crown violet	Transcription factors-SRDX	Arabidopsis	Various color patterns	[43, 44, 48]
cv. Crown violet	MYB24-SRDX	Arabidopsis	Lacked color at both sides of the petal	[47]
cv. Crown violet	TCP3-SRDX	Arabidopsis	Various color patterns	[46]
T. hybrida (T. fournieri x T. concolor)
cv. Summerwave blue	Sense CHS, sense DFR	Torenia	White to pale blue	[17]
Inbred line T-33	Sense CHS or DFR, sense F3′5′H	Torenia	Yellow, pink	[17]
cv. Summerwave blue	Sense F3′H, sense F3′5′H	Torenia	Reddish	[32]
cv. Summerwave blue	Sense FNSII	Torenia	Pale blue	[32]
cv. Summerwave blue	CHS-RNAi	Torenia	White to pale blue	[37]
cv. Summerwave blue	Sense AS1 and sense 4′CGT	Snapdragon	Yellow	[41]
	F3H-RNAi, DFR-RNAi	Torenia
cv. Summerwave blue	Sense or antisense ANS, ANS-RNAi	Torenia	White to pale blue	[38]
cv. Summerwave blue	F3′H-RNAi, F3′5′H-RNAi	Torenia	Pink	[40]
	Sense DFR	Rose or pelargonium
cv. Summerwave violet	F3′H-RNAi, F3′5′H-RNAi	Torenia	Darker pink	[40]
	Sense DFR	Rose or pelargonium

Abbreviations: ANS anthocyanidin synthase, AS aureusidin synthase, 4′CGT chalcone 4-O-glucosyltransferase, CHS chalcone synthase, DEF DEFICIENS, DFR dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, F3H flavanone 3-hydroxylase, F3′H flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase, F3′5′H flavonoid 3′,5′- hydroxylase, FNSII flavone synthase II, GLO GLOBOSA, GPT glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, TCP TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS 1/2.

ISSN: 1746-4811