Table 1 Vegetation indices used in this study

1

Pigment

Red-green index

RGI

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{690} /\mathop R\nolimits_{550}\)

[1]

2

Photochemical reflectance index

PRI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{531} - \mathop R\nolimits_{570} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{531} + \mathop R\nolimits_{570} } \right)\)

[31]

3

Structure insensitive vegetation index

SIPI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} - \mathop R\nolimits_{445} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} + \mathop R\nolimits_{680} } \right)\)

[27]

4

Nitrogen reflectance index

NRI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{570} - \mathop R\nolimits_{670} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{570} + \mathop R\nolimits_{670} } \right)\)

[22]

5

Normalized chlorophyll pigment ratio index

NCPI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{670} - \mathop R\nolimits_{450} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{670} + \mathop R\nolimits_{450} } \right)\)

[15]

6

Plant pigment ratio

PPR

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{550} - \mathop R\nolimits_{450} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{550} + \mathop R\nolimits_{450} } \right)\)

[57]

7

Plant senescence reflectance index

PSRI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{660} - \mathop R\nolimits_{510} } \right)/\mathop R\nolimits_{760}\)

[33]

8

Structure

Simple ratio

SR

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{900} /\mathop R\nolimits_{680}\)

[42]

9

Greenness index

GI

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{554} /\mathop R\nolimits_{667}\)

[14]

10

Narrow-band normalized difference

NBNDVI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{850} - \mathop R\nolimits_{680} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{850} + \mathop R\nolimits_{680} } \right)\)

[20]

11

Normalized difference vegetation index

NDVI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} - \mathop R\nolimits_{670} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} + \mathop R\nolimits_{670} } \right)\)

[21]

12

Red-edge NDVI

RNDVI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{750} - \mathop R\nolimits_{705} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{750} + \mathop R\nolimits_{705} } \right)\)

[47]

13

Optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index

OSAVI

\(\left( {1 + 0.16} \right) \times \left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} - \mathop R\nolimits_{670} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} + \mathop R\nolimits_{670} + 0.16} \right)\)

[44]

14

Ratio analysis of reflection of spectral chlorophyll b

RARSb

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{675} /\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{700} \times \mathop R\nolimits_{650} } \right)\)

[3]

15

Green NDVI

GNDVI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{750} - \mathop R\nolimits_{540} + \mathop R\nolimits_{570} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{750} + \mathop R\nolimits_{540} - \mathop R\nolimits_{570} } \right)\)

[6]

16

Modified simple ratio

MSR

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} /\mathop R\nolimits_{670} - 1} \right)/\sqrt {\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{800} /\mathop R\nolimits_{670} + 1} \right)}\)

[34]

17

Water band index

WI

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{900} /\mathop R\nolimits_{970}\)

[26]

18

Physiology and Water content

Fluorescence ratio index 1

FRI1

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{690} /\mathop R\nolimits_{630}\)

[58]

19

Fluorescence ratio index 2

FRI2

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{750} /\mathop R\nolimits_{800}\)

[12]

20

Fluorescence ratio index 3

FRI3

\(\mathop R\nolimits_{690} /\mathop R\nolimits_{600}\)

[12]

21

Normalized pheophytization index

NPQI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{415} - \mathop R\nolimits_{435} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{415} + \mathop R\nolimits_{435} } \right)\)

[7]

22

Red-edge vegetation stress index

RVSI

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{{714}} +\mathop R\nolimits_{{752}} } \right)/2 - {R_{733}}\)

[32]

23

Fluorescence curvature index

FCI

\(R_{683}^2/\left( {{R_{675}} \times {R_{691}}} \right)\)

[38]

24

Red edge position

RRE

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{670} - \mathop R\nolimits_{780} } \right)/2\)

[10]

25

Water stress and canopy temperature

WSCT

\(\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{970} - \mathop R\nolimits_{850} } \right)/\left( {\mathop R\nolimits_{970} + \mathop R\nolimits_{850} } \right)\)

[38]