Fig. 3

Edited PeVDE mutant served as a reporter for in-planta gene editing of PeCCRs. a Gene structures of PeCCRs and the region in genome encoding the conserved motif of KNWYCYGK. b The CRISPR/Cas9 constructs carrying the gRNAs of PeVDE and PeCCRs. c Images of leaves after infection with Agrobacterium harboring the constructs. White triangles represent areas with lower NPQ values. d, e Total flavonoid (d) and lignin (e) content in the infected leaves with lower NPQ values. * and ** indicate significant differences at p ≤ 0.05 and p ≤ 0.01 by ANOVA, respectively. Data are means ± AVEDEV (n = 3). Exact p values from CCR3 and CCR4 are as follows: d 0.0242 and 0.0069, e 0.0264 and 0.026