Fig. 1

Arabidopsis seedlings under free-running conditions in white or single-wavelength LED lights. a–c Analysis of bioluminescent traces from CCA1pro::LUC seedlings grown, entrained, and imaged using white LED (Growfilm) lights. Ten day old seedlings were grown and entrained under a 12 h:12 h light:dark and 20 °C:16 °C hot:cold (step) cycle and then released into free-running conditions (constant light with PPFD of ~ 150 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹, constant 20 °C, constant ~ 40% relative humidity) for 5 days. a Average of CCA1pro::LUC traces from 28 seedlings under free-running conditions (error bars represent SD). Light gray boxes represent subjective night hours. Each seedling was normalized to its own average bioluminescence over time. b–c Method-specific period (b) and method-specific circadian phase (c) of 28 seedlings from (a), as reported by BioDare2 using FFT-NLLS or MESA analysis methods (error bars represent SD). Average period and phase from 28 seedlings are reported above data points. d–f Analysis of bioluminescent traces from CCA1pro::LUC seedlings grown, entrained, and imaged using single-wavelength (Heliospectra) lights. Ten day old seedlings were grown and entrained under a 12 h:12 h light:dark and 20 °C:16 °C hot:cold (step) cycle and then released into free-running conditions (constant 22 °C, constant light with PPFD of ~ 120 µmol m⁻² s.⁻¹, constant ~ 25% relative humidity) for 5 days. d Average of CCA1pro::LUC traces from 19 seedlings under free-running conditions (error bars represent SD). Each seedling was normalized to its own average bioluminescence over time. e–f Method-specific period (e) and method-specific circadian phase (f) of 19 seedlings from (d) (error bars represent SD)