Fig. 9

Local root traits extraction pipeline for rapeseed (A–D) and maize (E, F), respectively. A, E Segmentation of different root types. The blue voxel indicated the main root/stem; the dark gray voxel indicated the lateral/nodal roots. B, F Skeleton extraction of different root types. The black line indicated the main root/stem skeleton; the yellow line indicated the skeleton of lateral/nodal roots. C, G Root segmentation. Divided lateral/nodal root segments are indicated in different colors. D, H Measurement of the initial angle. Root segments selected for initial angle measurement are indicated with yellow lines, start points are indicated in red, point 10 voxels away from the start point is indicated in blue, and the vector of the initial angle is indicated by the green line