Table 3 Details of selected vegetation indices tested in this research

NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)

(NIR − R)/(NIR + R)

[70]

OSAVI (optimized soil adjusted vegetation index)

((NIR − R)(1 + 0.16))/(NIR + R + 0.16)

[71]

GNDVI (green normalized difference vegetation index)

(NIR − G)/(NIR + G)

[72]

SAVI (soil adjusted vegetation index)

((NIR − R)(1 + 0.5))/(NIR + R + 0.5)

[73]

MSAVI (modified soil adjusted vegetation index)

(2NIR + 1 − √((2*NIR + 1)²–8*(NIR − R)))/2

[74]

GCI (green chlorophyll Index)

NIR/G-1

[75]

RECI (red edge chlorophyll index)

NIR/E-1

[75]

LCI (leaf chlorophyll index)

(NIR − E)/(NIR + R)

[76]

GRVI (green red vegetation index)

(G − R)/(G + R)

[77]

MGRVI (modified green red vegetation index)

(G² − R²)/(G² + R²)

[62]

RGBVI (red green blue vegetation index)

(G² − R × B)/(G² + R × B)

[78]

NDRE (normalized difference red edge index)

(NIR − E)/(NIR + E)

[79]

MACI (modified anthocyanin content index)

NIR/G

[66]

ARI (anthocyanin reflectance index)

G/NIR

[80]

MARI (modified anthocyanin reflectance index)

(G⁽⁻¹⁾ − E⁽⁻¹⁾)/NIR

[81]

VDVI (visible-band difference vegetation index)

(2G − R − B)/(2G + R + B)

[82]