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Table 2 Comparison of emergence rate and height of seedlings from mature dry seeds and immature oven-dried seeds of three cowpea genotypes and their hybrids

From: Cowpea speed breeding using regulated growth chamber conditions and seeds of oven-dried immature pods potentially accommodates eight generations per year

Pod age at harvesting (DAP)

Oven-drying

Average seedling emergence rate 7 DAS ± SEM (%)

Seedling height 10 DAS ± SEM (cm)

Temperature (oC)

Duration (day)

IT86D-1010

IT97K-499-35

Sasaque

SAS × 86D

97 K × 86D

SAS × 97 K

IT86D-1010

IT97K-499-35

Sasaque

SAS × 86D

SAS × 97 K

97 K × 86D

Control

N/A

N/A

87 ± 7

83 ± 3

93 ± 3

87 ± 7

87 ± 3

90 ± 6

11.0 ± 0.3

11.0 ± 0.3

9.9 ± 0.1

10.0 ± 0.3

10.2 ± 0.4

9.3 ± 0.4

14

25

4

83 ± 3

87 ± 7

90 ± 6

90 ± 6

83 ± 3

93 ± 3

10.6 ± 0.4

10.8 ± 0.4

9.5 ± 0.4

9.6 ± 0.3

10.0 ± 0.3

10.1 ± 0.3

11

25

2

17 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

20 ± 6**

20 ± 6***

13 ± 3***

4.9 ± 0.6***

4.7 ± 0.4***

4.2 ± 0.4***

4.2 ± 0.44***

5.2 ± 0.54***

4.4 ± 0.34***

11

30

2

17 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

23 ± 3***

17 ± 7**

17 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

5.2 ± 0.6***

4.4 ± 0.3***

4.2 ± 0.3***

4.2 ± 0.34***

4.0 ± 0.34***

5.6 ± 0.24***

11

35

2

20 ± 6**

17 ± 3***

27 ± 3***

20 ± 6**

17 ± 3***

23 ± 3***

5.4 ± 0.2***

5.3 ± 0.4***

5.0 ± 0.4***

5.0 ± 0.44***

5.1 ± 0.34***

5.6 ± 0.24***

11

36

2

23 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

27 ± 3***

20 ± 6**

17 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

5.2 ± 0.6***

4.6 ± 0.4***

5.0 ± 0.3***

4.9 ± 0.34***

4.6 ± 0.44***

5.3 ± 0.54***

11

37

2

33 ± 3**

33 ± 3***

37 ± 3***

30 ± 6**

33 ± 3***

37 ± 3***

5.0 ± 0.3***

4.9 ± 0.2***

5.2 ± 0.2***

5.3 ± 0.24***

4.6 ± 0.24***

5.2 ± 0.24***

11

38

2

33 ± 3**

27 ± 3***

40 ± 6**

37 ± 3**

30 ± 6***

37 ± 3***

6.0 ± 0.2***

6.0 ± 0.4***

5.8 ± 0.2***

6.0 ± 0.34***

5.8 ± 0.44***

6.0 ± 0.34***

11

39

2

73 ± 3

70 ± 6

77 ± 3

70 ± 6

67 ± 3*

70 ± 6

9.8 ± 0.3*

9.9 ± 0.2*

9.0 ± 0.2*

9.0 ± 0.3

10.2 ± 0.1

9.5 ± 0.3

11

40

2

60 ± 6*

57 ± 3**

67 ± 3*

63 ± 3*

50 ± 6**

63 ± 3*

7.0 ± 0.3***

6.4 ± 0.2***

5.8 ± 0.4***

5.6 ± 0.24***

6.6 ± 0.24***

7.0 ± 0.34**

11

41

2

57 ± 3*

50 ± 6**

57 ± 3**

53 ± 3*

43 ± 3***

53 ± 3*

6.4 ± 0.2***

5.7 ± 0.4***

5.8 ± 0.4***

6.0 ± 0.34***

5.9 ± 0.54***

6.0 ± 0.34***

11

42

2

17 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

17 ± 3***

17 ± 7***

23 ± 3***

3.8 ± 0.2***

3.3 ± 0.3***

3.9 ± 0.3***

3.5 ± 0.24***

3.8 ± 0.24***

4.0 ± 0.34***

10

25

2

13 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

3.3 ± 0.3***

3.7 ± 0.3***

3.7 ± 0.3***

3.6 ± 0.24***

3.6 ± 0.24***

3.7 ± 0.34***

10

30

2

17 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

17 ± 6***

17 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

3.4 ± 0.2***

3.3 ± 0.3***

3.8 ± 0.2***

3.8 ± 0.24***

3.3 ± 0.34***

3.4 ± 0.24***

10

35

2

17 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

23 ± 3***

20 ± 6**

13 ± 3***

23 ± 3***

3.8 ± 0.2 ***

3.4 ± 0.3***

3.6 ± 0.2***

3.6 ± 0.24***

3.4 ± 0.44***

3.8 ± 0.24***

10

36

2

23 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

23 ± 3***

27 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

27 ± 3***

4.4 ± 0.4***

4.0 ± 0.4***

4.6 ± 0.2***

4.2 ± 0.44***

4.0 ± 0.44***

4.8 ± 0.24***

10

37

2

23 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

27 ± 3***

30 ± 6**

20 ± 6***

30 ± 6**

4.4 ± 0.2***

4.5 ± 0.2***

3.8 ± 0.4***

4.0 ± 0.44***

4.5 ± 0.24***

4.2 ± 0.24***

10

38

2

27 ± 3***

23 ± 7***

27 ± 3***

27 ± 7***

23 ± 3***

30 ± 6**

5.0 ± 0.4***

4.4 ± 0.2***

4.2 ± 0.2***

4.2 ± 0.24***

4.6 ± 0.44***

4.8 ± 0.44***

10

39

2

53 ± 3**

47 ± 3***

53 ± 3**

57 ± 3*

50 ± 6**

53 ± 3**

5.2 ± 0.4***

5.0 ± 0.3***

5.2 ± 0.2***

5.2 ± 0.24***

5.0 ± 0.34***

5.2 ± 0.44***

10

40

2

43 ± 3**

37 ± 3***

47 ± 3**

47 ± 3**

37 ± 3***

43 ± 3**

4.6 ± 0.2***

4.4 ± 0.2***

4.6 ± 0.2***

4.6 ± 0.24***

4.6 ± 0.24***

4.4 ± 0.24***

10

41

2

47 ± 3**

33 ± 3***

47 ± 3**

43 ± 3**

37 ± 7**

43 ± 3**

4.8 ± 0.2***

4.4 ± 0.2***

4.4 ± 0.2***

4.2 ± 0.24***

4.6 ± 0.24***

4.8 ± 0.24***

10

42

2

13 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

2.8 ± 0.1***

2.9 ± 0.1***

3.2 ± 0.2***

3.2 ± 0.24***

2.9 ± 0.14***

3.1 ± 0.24***

9

38

2

17 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

20 ± 10**

17 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

23 ± 3 ***

3.4 ± 0.2***

3.3 ± 0.3***

3.6 ± 0.2***

3.6 ± 0.24***

3.6 ± 0.24***

3.2 ± 0.24***

9

39

2

23 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

23 ± 3***

27 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

27 ± 3***

3.8 ± 0.2***

3.4 ± 0.2***

3.6 ± 0.2***

3.4 ± 0.24***

3.6 ± 0.24***

3.8 ± 0.24***

9

40

2

17 ± 3***

13 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

13 ± 3***

17 ± 3***

23 ± 3***

3.8 ± 0.2***

3.3 ± 0.3***

3.4 ± 0.2***

3.7 ± 0.34***

3.4 ± 0.24***

3.8 ± 0.24***

9

41

2

20 ± 6**

13 ± 3***

20 ± 6***

20 ± 6**

17 ± 3***

20 ± 10**

3.1 ± 0.1***

3.7 ± 0.3***

3.4 ± 0.2***

3.4 ± 0.24***

3.6 ± 0.24***

3.1 ± 0.14***

11

39

1

37 ± 3**

33 ± 3***

40 ± 6**

33 ± 3**

37 ± 3***

37 ± 7**

5.2 ± 0.2***

5.0 ± 0.3***

4.2 ± 0.2***

4.4 ± 0.24***

5.0 ± 0.34***

5.0 ± 0.34***

11

39 + silica gel

1

37 ± 3**

30 ± 6***

43 ± 3**

33 ± 3**

30 ± 6***

37 ± 7**

5.6 ± 0.2***

5.6 ± 0.4***

5.0 ± 0.3***

5.4 ± 0.24***

5.6 ± 0.44***

5.2 ± 0.44***

11

39 + silica gel

2

83 ± 3

77 ± 3

87 ± 3

80 ± 6

80 ± 6

83 ± 3

10.5 ± 0.4

10.3 ± 0.4

9.6 ± 0.4

9.9 ± 0.4

10.3 ± 0.4

10.2 ± 0.5

  1. Bold text, emphasis on optimum oven-drying conditions; *, **, ***, significantly lower than control at p ≤ 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively; The germination rate and corresponding SEM values are approximated to the nearest whole numbers. To measure emergence rates of seedlings under the experimental conditions, 10 seeds were sown in three replications (30 seeds/treatment) and emergence rates were recorded at 7 DAS. T-tests were applied to compare each of the mean values of emergence rates and heights of seedlings cultivated from the different categories of oven-dried seeds and seedlings cultivated from mature seeds allowed to dry on plants before harvesting. At 7 DAS, no seedling emerged from all the seeds oven-dried at temperatures higher than 42 °C, seeds of 9-day-old pods oven-dried for 2 days at temperatures lower than 38 °C, seeds of 7- and 8-day-old pods oven-dried for 2 days at all the temperatures reported here. Hybrid seeds for oven-drying were harvested 14 DAP in F1, and 7–11 DAP in F2
  2. DAP, days after pollination; DAS, days after sowing; N/A, not applicable; Control, pods allowed to dry on plant before harvesting; SAS, Sasaque; 86D, IT86D-1010; 97 K, IT97K-499-35; SEM, standard error of the mean
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Plant Methods

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