Table 7 Precision agriculture sensing types—advantages and limitations

Satellite-based

[56,57,58,59]

\(\bullet\) Leo-satellite orbit

\(\bullet\) Sensors configuration fixed

\(\bullet\) Earth’s surface image

\(\bullet\) Low cost

\(\bullet\) Stable

\(\bullet\) Low spacial resolution

\(\bullet\) Geometric distortions

\(\bullet\) Complete atmospheric column

Ground-based

[60,61,62,63]

\(\bullet\) fixed,hand-held,vehicle, overhead irrigation Mount sensors

\(\bullet\) Reconfigurable sensors

\(\bullet\) High spatial resolution

\(\bullet\) Low cost

\(\bullet\) Narrow atmospheric columns

\(\bullet\) Partial/regional earth’s surface

\(\bullet\) Unstable

\(\bullet\) Moves through the atmospheric zone

Aerial-based

[64,65,66,67]

\(\bullet\) Sensors mounted on drones/aircraft

\(\bullet\) Re-configurable sensors

\(\bullet\) High resolution

\(\bullet\) High control

\(\bullet\) Low cost

\(\bullet\) Several flights needed to cover the field