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Fig. 2 | Plant Methods

Fig. 2

From: Laser-based molecular delivery and its applications in plant science

Fig. 2

left: Overview comparing the time scales of different interaction and photopoinjection regimes. Note that the real values and borders vary largely on the respective conditions and can therefore only be regarded as rough estimates. Right: schematic depiction of the different interaction regimes. In the photomechanical regime, typically a single laser pulse with high energy (~ several 10 nJ for fs pulses) is applied, whereas the LDP requires multitudes of pulses with low energy (< 1 nJ) and high repetition rates (~ 80 MHz) to accumulate the photochemical effect. \({\tau }_{D}(water)\): thermal diffusion time in water for objective with high numerical aperture (NA), LDP: low-density plasma, NIR fs: near infrared femtosecond, CW: continious wave, ROS: reactive oxigen species

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