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Table 2 Accuracy of TopoRoot, DynamicRoots and DynamicRoots + for nodal root traits

From: TopoRoot: a method for computing hierarchy and fine-grained traits of maize roots from 3D imaging

Trait

 ≤ e

TopoRoot (%)

DynamicRoots (%)

DynamicRoots + (%)

Nodal root count

0.04

8.3 (σ = 8.2)

392.9 (σ = 423.5)

486.2 (σ = 426.6)

0.08

10.3 (σ = 10.9)

263.9 (σ = 367.0)

455.2 (σ = 400.0)

Nodal root total length

0.04

22.4 (σ = 13.1)

46.4 (σ = 17.7)

38.3 (σ = 14.3)

0.08

23.9 (σ = 13.7)

56.9 (σ = 19.7)

40.7 (σ = 14.6)

Nodal root average length

0.04

17.8 (σ = 11.2)

76.6 (σ = 18.8)

80.9 (σ = 16.1)

0.08

19.9 (σ = 13.1)

74.0 (σ = 17.4)

81.0 (σ = 15.4)

Nodal root thickness

0.04

39.2 (σ = 27.6)

36.6 (σ = 33.8)

46.2 (σ = 115.0)

0.08

38.2 (σ = 26.8)

50.1 (σ = 150.3)

48.2 (σ = 109.6)

Nodal root number of children

0.04

36.4 (σ = 21.6)

87.7 (σ = 13.7)

89.4.5 (σ = 12.5)

0.08

45.6 (σ = 41.0)

87.0 (σ = 13.1)

89.2 (σ = 12.4)

Nodal root tortuosity

0.04

32.6 (σ = 13.0)

2.3 (σ = 2.5)

2.0 (σ = 1.8)

0.08

37.3 (σ = 13.8)

4.5 (σ = 4.4)

2.9 (σ = 2.3)

Nodal root emergence angle

0.04

5.7 (σ = 11.9)

N/A

N/A

0.08

7.3 (σ = 11.9)

N/A

N/A

Nodal root midpoint angle

0.04

7.1 (σ = 14.0)

N/A

N/A

0.08

9.1 (σ = 13.8)

N/A

N/A

Nodal root tip angle

0.04

18.3 (σ = 17.7)

N/A

N/A

0.08

22.7 (σ = 22.8)

N/A

N/A

  1. Each entry gives the mean relative error and standard deviation (\(\sigma\)) for a method across all simulated models and across all noise levels up to e = 0.04 cm and e = 0.08 cm. For each trait, the method with the lowest mean error is bold-faced