Table 2 Multi-dimensional features used in this study

Typical vegetation indices

NDVI

[64]

\({\text{NDVI = (NIR - R)/(NIR + R)}}\)

EVI

[35]

\({\text{EVI = 2}}{.5} \times {\text{(NIR - R)/(NIR + 6}} \times {\text{R - 7}}{.5} \times {\text{B + 1)}}\)

SAVI

[36]

\({\text{SAVI = (1 + L}}_{{1}} {)} \times {\text{(NIR - R)/(NIR + R + L}}_{{1}} {)}\)

MSAVI

[59]

\({\text{MSAVI = }}\left[ {{2} \times {\text{NIR + 1 - }}\sqrt {{(2} \times {\text{NIR + 1)}}^{{2}} { - 8} \times {\text{(NIR - R)}}} } \right]{/2}\)

Added vegetation indices

Simple Ratio (SR)

[5]

\({\text{SR = NIR/R}}\)

Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI)

[42]

\({\text{ARVI = }}\left[ {{\text{NIR - }}\left( {{2} \times {\text{R - B}}} \right)} \right]{/}\left[ {{\text{NIR + }}\left( {{2} \times {\text{R - B}}} \right)} \right]\)

Difference Vegetation Index (DVI)

[71]

\({\text{DVI = NIR - R}}\)

Global Environmental Monitoring index (GEMI)

[58]

\(\left\{ {_{{{\text{eta = }}\left[ {{\text{2(NIR}}^{{2}} {\text{ - R}}^{{2}} {) + 1}{\text{.5}} \times {\text{NIR + 0}}{.5} \times {\text{R}}} \right]{\text{/(NIR + R + 0}}{.5)}}}^{{{\text{GEMI = eta(1 - 0}}{.25} \times {\text{eta) - (R - 0}}{\text{.125)/(1 - R)}}}} } \right.\)

Green Atmospherically Resistant Index (GARI)

[29]

\({\text{GARI = }}\left\{ {{\text{NIR - }}\left[ {{1}{\text{.7}} \times {\text{(B - R)}}} \right]} \right\}{/}\left\{ {{\text{NIR + }}\left[ {{1}{\text{.7}} \times {\text{(B - R)}}} \right]} \right\}\)

Green Difference Vegetation Index (GDVI)

[67]

\({\text{GDVI = NIR - G}}\)

Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI)

[30]

\({\text{GNDVI = (NIR - G)/(NIR + G)}}\)

Green Ratio Vegetation Index (GRVI)

[67]

\({\text{GRVI = NIR/G}}\)

Green Vegetation Index (GVI)

[43]

\(\left\{ \begin{gathered} {\text{GVI = ( - 0}}{.2848} \times {\text{B) + ( - 0}}{.2435} \times {\text{B) + ( - 0}}{.5436} \times {\text{R) + }} \hfill \\ { (0}{\text{.7243}} \times {\text{NIR) + (0}}{.0840} \times {\text{SWIR1) + }} \hfill \\ { ( - 0}{\text{.1800}} \times {\text{SWIR2)}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \right.\)

Infrared Percentage Vegetation Index (IPVI)

[19]

\({\text{IPVI = NIR/(NIR + R)}}\)

Leaf Area Index (LAI)

[6]

\({\text{LAI = 3}}{.618} \times {\text{EVI - 0}}{.118}\)

Modified Non-Linear Index (MNLI)

[80]

\({\text{MNLI = (NIR}}^{{2}} {\text{ - R)}} \times {\text{(1 + L}}_{{2}} {\text{)/(NIR}}^{{2}} {\text{ + R + L}}_{{2}} {)}\)

Modified Simple Ratio (MSR)

[15]

\({\text{MSR = (NIR/R - 1)/(}}\sqrt {\text{NIR/R}} { + 1)}\)

Non-Linear Index (NLI)

[31]

\({\text{NLI = (NIR}}^{{2}} {\text{ - R)/(NIR}}^{{2}} {\text{ + R)}}\)

Optimized Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI)

[62]

\({\text{OSAVI = }}\left[ {{1}{\text{.5}} \times {\text{(NIR - R)}}} \right]{\text{/(NIR + R + 0}}{.16)}\)

Renormalized Difference Vegetation Index (RDVI)

[63]

\({\text{RDVI = (NIR - R)/}}\sqrt {\text{NIR + R}}\)

Transformed Difference Vegetation Index (TDVI)

[3]

\({\text{TDVI = }}\sqrt {{0}{\text{.5 + (NIR - R)/(NIR + R)}}}\)

Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI)

[28]

\({\text{VARI = (G - R)/(G + R - B)}}\)

Topographical factors

DEM

–

SRTM DEM

slope

aspect