Table 2 Vibrational bands and their assignments for spectra collected from plant leaves and seeds

480

C–C–O and C–C–C Deformations; Related to glycosidic ring skeletal deformations

δ(C–C–C) + τ(C–O) Scissoring of C–C–C and out-of-plane bending of C–O

Carbohydrates [51]

520

ν(C–O–C) Glycosidic

Cellulose [52, 53]

747

γ(C–O–H) of COOH

Pectin [54]

849–853

(C₆–C₅–O₅–C₁–O₁)

Pectin [55]

917

ν(C–O–C) In plane, symmetric

Cellulose, phenylpropanoids [52]

964–969

δ(CH₂)

Aliphatics [56, 57]

1000–1005

In-plane CH₃ rocking of polyene

aromatic ring of phenylalanine

Carotenoids [58]; protein

1048

ν(C–O) + ν(C–C) + δ(C–O–H)

Cellulose, phenylpropanoids [52]

1080

ν(C–O) + ν(C–C) + δ(C–O–H)

Carbohydrates [51]

1115–1119

Sym ν(C–O–C), C–O–H bending

Cellulose [52]

1155

C–C Stretching; v(C–O–C), v(C–C) in glycosidic linkages, asymmetric ring breathing

Carotenoids [58],carbohydrates [59]

1185

ν(C–O–H) Next to aromatic ring + σ(CH)

Carotenoids [58]

1218

δ(C–C–H)

Carotenoids [58], xylan [60]

1265

Guaiacyl ring breathing, C–O stretching (aromatic); –C=C–

Phenylpropanoids [61], unsaturated fatty acids [62]

1286

δ(C–C–H)

Aliphatics [56]

1301

δ(C–C–H) + δ(O–C–H) + δ(C–O–H)

Carbohydrates [51, 63]

1327

δCH₂ Bending

Aliphatics, cellulose, phenylpropanoids [52]

1339

ν(C–O); δ(C–O–H)

Carbohydrates [51]

1387

δCH₂ Bending

Aliphatics [56]

1443–1446

δ(CH₂) + δ(CH₃)

Aliphatics [56]

1515–1535

–C=C– (in plane)

Carotenoids [64,65,66]

1606–1632

ν(C–C) Aromatic ring + σ(CH)

Phenylpropanoids [67, 68]

1654–1660

–C=C–, C=O Stretching, amide I

Unsaturated fatty acids [62], proteins [64]

1682

COOH

Carboxylic acids [43]

1717–1748

C=O Stretching

Esters, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and ketones [69]