Fig. 5

Applications of resin sections of cereal kernels. A Historesin sections of barley mature kernels (cited from Andersson et al. [19]). A1 The section is stained with 0.1% light green and 50% lugol’s water solution under bright field microscope, staining protein yellow, amylose dark blue, amylopectin brown, and cell walls white (unstained). A2 The section is stained with 0.1% acid fuchsin and 0.01% calcofluor white M2R under fluorescence microscope, staining aleurone protein red, endosperm protein orange, cell walls blue and starch black (unstained). Scale bar = 250 μm A1, A2, 50 μm A1a, A1b, A2b, and 20 μm A2a. B Technovit 7100 resin sections of cereal kernels. B1, B2 The sections of mature rice kernel B1 and barley kernel B2 are stained with iodine solution, showing the morphology of starch granules in endosperm (cited from Matsushima [45]). B3, B4 The sections of wheat developing kernels at 10 days after anthesis B3 and 24 days after anthesis B4 are stained with acid fuchsin, showing accumulation and distribution of storage protein (cited from Hurkman and Wood [21]). Scale bar = 20 μm B3, B4, and 10 μm B1, B2. C Spurr resin sections of cereal kernels. C1, C2 The sections of wheat developing kernels at 22 days after anthesis are stained with toluidine blue (cited from Tosi et al. [22]). C3 The sections of wheat developing kernels at 18 days after anthesis are stained with 0.5% methyl violet (cited from Chen et al. [49]). Scale bar = 500 μm C1, 50 μm C2, and 10 μm C3. D Epon 812 resin sections of barley developing kernels (cited from Wei et al. [50]). D1 The sections of kernel at 8 days after heading are stained with toluidine blue; D2 The sections of kernels at 20 days after heading are stained with periodic acid-Schiff’s reagent and azure-methylene blue; D3 The sections of kernels at 20 days after heading are stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Scale bar = 10 μm