Table 2 Summary of vegetation indices used in this study. Camera channels B: blue, G: green, R: red, RE: red-edge, and NIR: near-infrared

Normalized difference red-edge

NDRE

(NIR-Rededge)/(NIR + Rededge)

[38]

Normalized difference vegetation index

NDVI

(NIR-Red)(NIR + Red)

[39]

Green normalized difference vegetation index

GNDVI

(NIR-Green)/(NIR + Green)

[40]

Blue normalized difference vegetation index

BNDVI

(NIR-Blue)/(NIR + Blue)

[41]

Normalized difference vegetation index red-edge

NDREI

(Rededge-Red)/(Rededge + Red)

[42]

Normalized pigment chlorophyll index

NPCI

(Rededge-Blue)/(Rededge + Blue)

[43]

Green–red vegetation index

GRVI

(Green–Red)/(Green + Red)

[17]

Normalized green–blue difference index

NGBDI

(Green–Blue)/(Green + Blue)

[40]