Fig. 5

a Unfiltered acoustic vulnerability curve (VC_AE AE₁, black), embolism-related VC using LDA (VC_AE-E LDA, grey) and µCT VC (VC_CT, red) established for the dataset acquired by sensor AE₁ on Fraxinus excelsior L. during dehydration. Vulnerability values AE₁₂ (filled inverted triangle), AE₅₀ (filled diamond), AE₈₈ (filled square) and AE₁₀₀ (dashed line) are indicated. b Absolute difference in percentage sembolism formation between AE₁ (black) and µCT (red axis), and LDA (grey) and µCT (red axis). LDA filtering reduced the absolute difference in the effort to detect embolism-related AE