Proteomics: a powerful tool to study plant responses to biotic stress

Table 1 Techniques used for subcellular isolation in plant proteomic studies

Subcellular organelles/proteome	Techniques	Plant/organ	References
Cell wall proteins	Extracted procedure using sequentially CaCl₂, EGTA and LiCl-complemented buffers	Medicago sativa/Stems	[20]
Apoplastic fluid	Vacuum infiltration-centrifugation	Gossypium barbadense/Root	[21]
Plasma membrane	Two-phase partitioning combined with free-flow electrophoresis	Arabidopsis/Seedlings	[19]
Mitochondria	Centrifugation and layered in a Percoll density gradient	Solanum tuberosum/Tuber	[22]
Mitochondria	Centrifugation combined with one-dimensional blue native polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis	Arabidopsis/leaf	[23]
Chloroplasts	Homogenisation in sorbitol-based isolation medium with blender and centrifugation	Malus domestica/in vitro material	[24]
Nucleus	Flow cytometric sorting with a mild formaldehyde-based fixation	Hordeum vulgare/Root	[25]
Ribosome	Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation	Nicotiana benthamiana/transgenic lines	[26]