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Table 3 Accuracy according to the existence of long short-term memory (LSTM) and multi-task learning (MTL)

From: Long short-term memory for a model-free estimation of macronutrient ion concentrations of root-zone in closed-loop soilless cultures

Methodology

R2

RMSE (meq L−1)

With LSTM, with MTL

0.67

1.58

With LSTM, without MTL

0.51

1.66

Without LSTM, with MTL

− 0.75

3.90

Without LSTM, without MTL

− 0.54

3.62

  1. R2 and RMSE represent the average values of the six ions