Fig. 3

Variance components (a) and variance parameters (b). a Estimated genetic variance explained by the model (\(\sigma_{G}^{2} )\), and estimated error variance (\(\sigma_{e}^{2} )\). b Individual variance parameters. AN.IN: Anhembi ideal nitrogen regime; AN.LN: Anhembi low nitrogen regime; PI.IN: Piracicaba ideal nitrogen regime; PI.LN: Piracicaba low nitrogen regime. A: Additive, D: Dominance, AA: Additive × additive, and AD: Additive × dominance effects. RKHS: Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces model). \(\sigma_{a}^{2}\), \(\sigma_{d}^{2}\), \(\sigma_{aa}^{2}\),and \(\sigma_{ad}^{2}\), additive, dominance, additive by additive, additive by dominance genetic parameters, respectively