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Table 1 Some examples of in vitro thermotherapy followed by shoot tip culture for virus eradication

From: In vitro thermotherapy-based methods for plant virus eradication

Plant species and cultivars or genotypes

Viruses

Temperature and duration

Shoot survival after thermotherapy (%)

Size of shoot tips (mm)

Shoot tip survival (%)

Virus-free frequency (%)

References

Herbaceous crops

Potato ‘Diamond’

Potato virus Y (PVY)

37 °C, 40 days

43

1.0 cm

NT

33

[64]

Potato ‘Burren’ and ‘Binella’

PVY

37 °C, 40 days

NT

0.1–0.3

88–100

56–81

[25]

Potato genotype ‘040138’

Potato virus X (PVX)

32 °C/42 °C, (day/night), 35 days

80–100

NS

NT

80

[66]

Cassava ‘Olho Junto’

Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV)

39 °C/28 °C, (day/night), 30 days

NT

NS

NT

72

[115]

Cassava ‘Kibandameno’

East African

cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)

35 °C, 42 days

81

NS

NT

78

[55]

Garlic ‘Morado’, ‘Union’, ‘Fuego’, ‘Lican’, ‘Nieve’, ‘Castaño’, ‘Violeta’, ‘Gostoso’, ‘Norteño’, ‘Perla’, ‘Sureño’

OYDV, LYSV, GCLV, garlic mite-borne filamentous virus (GarMbFV), garlic virus D (GarVD)

36 °C, 30–40 days

55–57

0.3

NT

63–100 (OYDV), 80–100 (LYSV), 93–100 (GCLV), 67–100 (GarMbFV), 18–97 (GarVD)

[116]

Garlic (cultivars not specified)

Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) and leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV)

50 °C, 2 h

NT

0.3–0.5

NT

19 (OYDV)

33 (LYSV)

[117]

Garlic ‘Hamedan’

OYDV and garlic virus A, B, C, D (GarVs)

36 °C, 5 weeks

NT

1.0–2.0

71

0 (OYDV)

90 (GarVs)

[118]

Garlic ‘Jonas’

OYDV, LYSV and garlic common latent virus (GCLV)

38 °C, 30 days

NT

0.3–0.5

72

83 (OYDV)

100 (LYSV)

39 (GCLV)

[112]

Herbaceous crops

Chrysanthemum ‘Regol Time’

Chrysanthemum B virus (CVB)

38 °C, 30 days

NT

0.3–1.0

NT

12

[28]

Lilium × elegans genotypes 409 and 599

Lilium symptomless virus (LSV)

35 °C, 42 days

NT

0.3

NT

100

[83]

Lilium Asiatic hybrid ‘Visconti’, and LA hybrids ‘Fangio’ and ‘Lacorno’

LSV, lily mottle virus (LMoV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)

35 °C, 5 weeks

NT

NS

NT

100 (LSV)

100 (CMV)

100 (LMoV)

[51]

Begonia

Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV)

38 °C/22 °C, (day/night), 35 days

NT

2–3 cm

NT

37.5

[63]

Horseradish

Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV)

37 °C, 23 days

100

0.5

NT

100

[53]

Artichoke

Artichoke Italian latent virus (AILV), artichoke latent virus (ArLV)

38 °C, 15 days

NT

0.3–0.8

75

100

[84]

Woody species

Apple ‘Idared’ and ‘Sampion’

Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and (ASPV) (Idared)

ACLSV, ASPV and apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) (Sampion)

39 °C, 6 days

NT

1.0–2.0

63 (Idared)

44 (Sampion)

60 (Idared)

0 (Sampion)

[71]

Apple ‘Yanfu9’, ‘Xinyanfu3’, ‘Xin2001’, ‘Gala’, Huafu, ‘Apple 123’ and ‘Zhengzhou No. 5’

ACLSV, ASGV, ASPV and apple mosaic virus (ApMV)

38 °C, 30 days

NT

1.0

26 (Total)

43 (Total)

[40]

Woody species

       

Apple (Malus × domestica cvs. Gala, Ruiyang, Nongguo 25, Fuji, M. paradisiaca M9)

ASGV

36 °C/32 °C, (day/night), 4 weeks

100

1.5

63–90

7–38

[23]

Apple ‘Oregon Spur-II’

ACLSV, ApMV, ASGV, ASPV

37–40 °C, 4 weeks

NT

0.3–0.6

26–33

75 (ACLSV)

100 (ApMV, ASGV and ASPV)

[77]

Pear ‘Huang-hua’

ASGV and ACLSV

37 °C, 35 days

64

1.0

NT

66.7 (ACLSV)

33.3 (ASGV)

[60]

Pear ‘Fengshui’, ‘Jingshui No. 1’, ‘4’ and ‘14’

ASGV, ACLSV and ASPV

42 °C/34 °C, (day/night), 55 days

20–57

0.5–1.0

NT

100

[58]

Pear ‘Jinshui no. 2’

ASGV ACLSV

35 °C, 40 days

100

0.5

66.7

33.3

[61]

Apricot ‘Bebecou’

Plum pox virus (PPV)

35–37 °C, 20 days

NT

1.0–2.0 (meristem), 5.0 cm (Shoot tip)

35 (Meristem), 28 (Shoot tip)

74 (Meristem)

82 (Shoot tip)

[69]

Nectarine ‘Arm King’

PPV and prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV)

35 °C, 2 weeks

NT

1.3–2.0

38

86 (PPV)

81 (PNRSV)

[56]

Woody species

Plum ‘Earliblue’

PNRSV

35–38 °C, 10–12 days

14–71

5.0

NT

100

[57]

Grapevine ‘Napoleon’

Grapevine leafroll-asso ciated virus-3 (GLRaV-3), grapevine fan leaf virus (GFLV)

37 °C/34 °C, (day/night)

1.5 months

NT

0.5–3.0

53–80

72–100 (GLRaV-3)

100 (GFLV)

[79]

Grapevine ‘Sagrantino’

Grape virus A (GVA)

36 °C, 57 days

NT

1.0 cm

NT

60

[72]

Grapevine ‘Mantilaria’ and ‘Prevezaniko’

Grapevine leafroll associated virus (GLRaV) and GRSPaV

40 °C/37 °C, (day/night), 1 weeks

59.37 (Mantilaria)

41.86 (Prevezaniko)

5.0

96 (Mantilaria)

78 (Prevezaniko)

38 (Mantilaria)

89 (Prevezaniko)

[81]

Grapevine ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ and ‘Shahroodi’

GFLV

40 °C/30 °C, (day/night), 7 weeks

NT

NT

NT

100

[119]

Grapevine ‘Agiorgitiko’

GLRaV-1 and GRSPaV

40 °C/37 °C, (day/night), 1 weeks

53

0.1–0.2 (Meristem)

5.0

(Shoot tip)

56 (Meristem)

88 (Shoot tip)

62 (Meristem)

38 (Shoot tip)

[24]

Grapevine Kober 5BB’

GVA, GFLV, grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3

37 °C, 48 days

100

NS

NT

100 (GFLV), 70 (GVA), 25 (GFLaV-1), 25 (GLRaV-3) and 0 (GFKV)

[86]

Fig ‘Biadi’ and ‘Aswad’

Fig leaf mottle-associated virus-1 and 2 (FLMaV-1 and FLMaV-2), and fig mosaic virus (FMV)

35 °C, 30 days

NT

6.0

39 (Biadi)

42 (Aswad)

0–81

[87]

Raspberry ‘Gatineau’

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV)

37 °C, 21 days

NT

0.2–0.3

NT

39

[120]

Black raspberry (cultivars not specified)

Black raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV)

29 °C and 38 °C (in 4-h interval), 5 weeks

NT

NS

90

100

[62]

Caper (cultivars not specified)

Caper latent virus (CapLV)

38 °C, 45–60 days

97

0.3–0.4

60–93

89–93

[80]

  1. NS not specified, NT not tested