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Table 1 The effect of different plant growth regulators on the induction of callus and somatic embryos from leaf explants of T. garganica

From: Use of a temporary immersion bioreactor system for the sustainable production of thapsigargin in shoot cultures of Thapsia garganica

Treatment, plant growth regulators (mg/L)

Explant forming callus (%)

Type of callus

Explant forming embryos (%)

Number of embryos

TDZ

BAP

2,4-D

Light

Dark

Light

Dark

Light

Dark

Light

Dark

0.1

  

16.7 ± 10cd

0d

IV (+)

0f

0f

0e

0e

0.5

  

10 ± 10 cd

0d

IV (+)

0f

0f

0e

0e

1

  

43.3 ± 10bc

0d

IV (+)

0f

0f

0e

0e

0.1

 

0.1

96,7 ± 3.3a

96.7 ± 3.3a

I, II (+++)

I, III (++)

56.7 ± 3.3a–d

83.3 ± 3.3a

17.5 ± 5.5a–d

31.0 ± 5.0a

0.5

 

0.1

100a

100a

I, II (+++)

I, III(+++)

43.3 ± 10b–e

66.7 ± 6.7a–c

8.0 ± 3.0c–e

17.5 ± 3.5a–d

1

 

0.1

96.7 ± 3.3a

100a

I, II (++)

I, III (+++)

26.7d–f

60.0 ± 13.3a–c

4.5 ± 0.5de

11.5 ± 2.5b–e

 

0.1

 

0d

0d

0f

0f

0e

0e

 

0.5

 

0d

0d

0f

0f

0e

0e

 

1

 

0d

0d

0f

0f

0e

0e

 

0.1

0.1

73.3 ± 13.3ab

83.3 ± 10ab

I, II (+)

I, III (+)

40.0c–e

76.7 ± 3.3a

12.5 ± 3.5b−e

28.5 ± 5.5a

 

0.5

0.1

93.3 ± 6.7a

96.7 ± 3.3a

I, II (++)

I, III (++)

13.30ef

73.3ab

4.5 ± 1.5de

20.0 ± 1.0a−c

 

1

0.1

63.3 ± 23.3ab

86.7 ± 6.7a

I, II (++)

I, III (++)

16.7 ± 16.7ef

80.0 ± 6.7a

4.0 ± 4.0de

24.5 ± 2.5ab

  

0.1

0d

0d

0f

0f

0e

0e

  1. Type I: friable, soft white calli; type II: nodular green organogenetic and compact calli; type III: creamy, yellow nodular calli; type IV: brown dead calli. Furthermore, the amount of calli was noted from low to high (−, +, ++, +++)
  2. Values represent mean ± SE. Different letters within a column indicate significant differences revealed after an ANOVA analysis followed by a Tukey’s multiple comparison test (p ≤ 0.05). Percentage values were arcsine transformed prior to analysis. n = 30 per treatment