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Table 2 Arabidopsis and barley flower stage reference guide, showing flower stage in relation to anther/pollen development

From: Non-destructive determination of floral staging in cereals using X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT)

Arabidopsis flower stage

Anther/pollen development

Barley flower stage

Anther/pollen development

8

Sporogenous cells and three anther cell layers

Spike 0–1 cm

Zadoks stage 31

Sporogenous cells and three anther cell layers

9

Four anther cell layers, pollen mother cell formed and undergo meiosis

Spike 1–2 cm

Zadoks stage 32

Four anther cell layers, pollen mother cells formed

10

Pollen mother cell meiosis completed, and single microspores released from the tetrad

Spike 2–3 cm

Zadoks stage 33

Pollen mother cell meiosis

Spike 3-4 cm

Zadoks stage 33.5

Released single microspores from tetrad

11

Single microspores and tapetum undergoes degeneration

Spikes 4–5 cm

Zadoks stage 34

Single microspores and middle layer undergoes crushing

Spikes 5–6 cm

Zadoks stage 35–37

Vacuolated microspores. Tapetum degenerating

12

Pollen mitosis I, and tapetum degeneration almost completed

LFE1

Spikes 6–8 cm

Tapetum degeneration finished. Pollen mitosis I begins

LFE2

Spikes ~9–10 cm

Pollen mitosis I completed

13

Binuclear pollen. Pollen mitosis II occurs, forming tri-nucleated pollen

LFE3

Spikes ~9–10 cm

Binuclear pollen. Pollen mitosis II occurs.

LFE4

Spikes ~9–10 cm

Tri-nucleated pollen and anthesis taking place

  1. Table based on staging by [5, 3032]